diff --git a/app/storage.py b/app/storage.py
index f50961e..c3e1afa 100644
--- a/app/storage.py
+++ b/app/storage.py
@@ -215,6 +215,8 @@ class ObjectStorage:
         self._stats_lock = threading.Lock()
         self._stats_dirty: set[str] = set()
         self._stats_flush_timer: Optional[threading.Timer] = None
+        self._etag_index_dirty: set[str] = set()
+        self._etag_index_flush_timer: Optional[threading.Timer] = None
 
     def _get_bucket_lock(self, bucket_id: str) -> threading.Lock:
         with self._registry_lock:
@@ -422,6 +424,9 @@ class ObjectStorage:
         if self._stats_flush_timer is not None:
             self._stats_flush_timer.cancel()
         self._flush_stats()
+        if self._etag_index_flush_timer is not None:
+            self._etag_index_flush_timer.cancel()
+        self._flush_etag_indexes()
 
     def delete_bucket(self, bucket_name: str) -> None:
         bucket_path = self._bucket_path(bucket_name)
@@ -451,6 +456,7 @@ class ObjectStorage:
             self._stats_mem.pop(bucket_id, None)
             self._stats_serial.pop(bucket_id, None)
             self._stats_dirty.discard(bucket_id)
+        self._etag_index_dirty.discard(bucket_id)
 
     def list_objects(
         self,
@@ -2169,10 +2175,10 @@ class ObjectStorage:
                 if now - timestamp < self._cache_ttl and current_stats_mtime == cached_stats_mtime:
                     self._object_cache.move_to_end(bucket_id)
                     return objects
-            cache_version = self._cache_version.get(bucket_id, 0)
 
         bucket_lock = self._get_bucket_lock(bucket_id)
         with bucket_lock:
+            now = time.time()
             current_stats_mtime = self._get_cache_marker_mtime(bucket_id)
             with self._obj_cache_lock:
                 cached = self._object_cache.get(bucket_id)
@@ -2186,16 +2192,12 @@ class ObjectStorage:
             new_stats_mtime = self._get_cache_marker_mtime(bucket_id)
 
             with self._obj_cache_lock:
-                current_version = self._cache_version.get(bucket_id, 0)
-                if current_version != cache_version:
-                    objects = self._build_object_cache(bucket_path)
-                    new_stats_mtime = self._get_cache_marker_mtime(bucket_id)
                 while len(self._object_cache) >= self._object_cache_max_size:
                     self._object_cache.popitem(last=False)
 
                 self._object_cache[bucket_id] = (objects, time.time(), new_stats_mtime)
                 self._object_cache.move_to_end(bucket_id)
-                self._cache_version[bucket_id] = current_version + 1
+                self._cache_version[bucket_id] = self._cache_version.get(bucket_id, 0) + 1
                 self._sorted_key_cache.pop(bucket_id, None)
 
         return objects
@@ -2205,6 +2207,7 @@ class ObjectStorage:
             self._object_cache.pop(bucket_id, None)
             self._cache_version[bucket_id] = self._cache_version.get(bucket_id, 0) + 1
 
+        self._etag_index_dirty.discard(bucket_id)
         etag_index_path = self._system_bucket_root(bucket_id) / "etag_index.json"
         try:
             etag_index_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
@@ -2226,23 +2229,32 @@ class ObjectStorage:
             self._cache_version[bucket_id] = self._cache_version.get(bucket_id, 0) + 1
             self._sorted_key_cache.pop(bucket_id, None)
 
-        self._update_etag_index(bucket_id, key, meta.etag if meta else None)
+        self._etag_index_dirty.add(bucket_id)
+        self._schedule_etag_index_flush()
 
-    def _update_etag_index(self, bucket_id: str, key: str, etag: Optional[str]) -> None:
-        etag_index_path = self._system_bucket_root(bucket_id) / "etag_index.json"
-        if not etag_index_path.exists():
-            return
-        try:
-            with open(etag_index_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-                index = json.load(f)
-            if etag is None:
-                index.pop(key, None)
-            else:
-                index[key] = etag
-            with open(etag_index_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-                json.dump(index, f)
-        except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError):
-            pass
+    def _schedule_etag_index_flush(self) -> None:
+        if self._etag_index_flush_timer is None or not self._etag_index_flush_timer.is_alive():
+            self._etag_index_flush_timer = threading.Timer(5.0, self._flush_etag_indexes)
+            self._etag_index_flush_timer.daemon = True
+            self._etag_index_flush_timer.start()
+
+    def _flush_etag_indexes(self) -> None:
+        dirty = set(self._etag_index_dirty)
+        self._etag_index_dirty.clear()
+        for bucket_id in dirty:
+            with self._obj_cache_lock:
+                cached = self._object_cache.get(bucket_id)
+                if not cached:
+                    continue
+                objects = cached[0]
+                index = {k: v.etag for k, v in objects.items() if v.etag}
+            etag_index_path = self._system_bucket_root(bucket_id) / "etag_index.json"
+            try:
+                etag_index_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                with open(etag_index_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                    json.dump(index, f)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
 
     def warm_cache(self, bucket_names: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> None:
         """Pre-warm the object cache for specified buckets or all buckets.
@@ -2299,12 +2311,7 @@ class ObjectStorage:
         if cached:
             config, cached_time, cached_mtime = cached
             if now - cached_time < self._bucket_config_cache_ttl:
-                try:
-                    current_mtime = config_path.stat().st_mtime if config_path.exists() else 0.0
-                except OSError:
-                    current_mtime = 0.0
-                if current_mtime == cached_mtime:
-                    return config.copy()
+                return config.copy()
 
         if not config_path.exists():
             self._bucket_config_cache[bucket_name] = ({}, now, 0.0)